Publications and Reports

A multicomponent psychosocial intervention among people with early-stage dementia involving physical exercise, cognitive stimulation therapy, psychoeducation and counselling: Results from a mixed-methods study.
Skov SS, Nielsen MBD, Krolner RF, Oksnebjerg L, Ronbol Lauridsen SM
Dementia. 14713012211040683, 2021 Aug 20. Authors Full Name

Exploring the feasibility of an individual cognitive stimulation therapy application and related technology for use by people with dementia and carers in Indonesia: A mixed-method study.
Rai HK, Prasetya VGH, Sani TP, Theresia I, Tumbelaka P, Turana Y, Schneider J, Orrell M
Dementia. 14713012211018003, 2021 May 15.

A pilot elective course to enhance geriatric medical education using cognitive stimulation therapy.
Stacer RJ, Smith HE, Blessing D, Head J
Gerontology & Geriatrics Education. 1-12, 2020 Aug 05.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia in Italy: effects on cognitive functioning and on emotional and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Carbone E, Gardini S, Pastore M, Piras F, Vincenzi M, Borella E
Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences. 2021 Jan 13.

Combining cognitive stimulation therapy and fall prevention exercise (CogEx) in older adults with mild to moderate dementia: a feasibility randomised controlled trial.
Binns E, Kerse N, Peri K, Cheung G, Taylor D
Pilot & Feasibility Studies. 6:108, 2020.

Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: Provision in National Health Service settings in England, Scotland and Wales.
Holden E, Stoner CR, Spector A
Dementia. 20(5):1553-1564, 2021 Jul.

Delivery of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for people with dementia in an inpatient setting (innovative practice).
McAulay J, Streater A
Dementia. 19(7):2513-2520, 2020 Oct.

Challenges to dementia care during COVID-19: Innovations in remote delivery of group Cognitive Stimulation Therapy.
Cheung G, Peri K
Aging & Mental Health. 25(6):977-979, 2021 06.

Group-based cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: a qualitative study on experiences of group interactions.
Orfanos S, Gibbor L, Carr C, Spector A
Aging & Mental Health. 25(6):991-998, 2021 06.
[Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for dementia: a systematic review of qualitative research.
Gibbor L, Yates L, Volkmer A, Spector A
Aging & Mental Health. 25(6):980-990, 2021 06.

Exploratory analysis of the influence of cognitive reserve on the benefits of cognitive stimulation therapy in patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease]. [Spanish] Analisis exploratorio de la influencia de la reserva cognitiva sobre el beneficio de la terapia de estimulacion cognitiva en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer esporadica de inicio tardio.
Lopez C, Sanchez JL, Martin J Revista de Neurologia. 70(8):271-281, 2020 Apr 16.

Effects of the cognitive stimulation therapy based on Roy’s adaptation model on Alzheimer’s patients’ cognitive functions, coping-adaptation skills, and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. Lok N, Buldukoglu K, Barcin E . Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 56(3):581-592, 2020 Jul.

Mental wellbeing in people with dementia following Cognitive Stimulation Therapy: Innovative practice.
Allward C, Dunn R, Forshaw G, Rewston C, Wass N
Dementia. 19(2):496-504, 2020 02.

A cost effectiveness analysis of maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy (MCST) for people with dementia: examining the influence of cognitive ability and living arrangements.
Brown H, D’Amico F, Knapp M, Orrell M, Rehill A, Vale L, Robinson L
Aging & Mental Health. 23(5):602-607, 2019 05.

Parkinson’s-adapted cognitive stimulation therapy: feasibility and acceptability in Lewy body spectrum disorders.
McCormick SA, Vatter S, Carter LA, Smith SJ, Orgeta V, Poliakoff E, Silverdale MA, Raw J, Ahearn DJ, Taylor C, Rodda J, Abdel-Ghany T, Kwapong B, Leroi I
Journal of Neurology. 266(7):1756-1770, 2019 Jul.

Different durations of cognitive stimulation therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen J, Duan Y, Li H, Lu L, Liu J, Tang C
Clinical Interventions In Aging. 14:1243-1254, 2019.

The effects of an expanded cognitive stimulation therapy model on the improvement of cognitive ability of elderly with mild stage Dementia living in a community – a randomized waitlist controlled trial.
Young DK, Ng PY, Kwok T, Ho F, Cheng D, Mak V, Lau A
Aging & Mental Health. 23(7):855-862, 2019 07.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for Dementia. [Review]
Rai H, Yates L, Orrell M
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 34(4):653-665, 2018 11.
[Journal Article. Review]
UI: 30336993
Authors Full Name
Rai, Harleen, Yates, Lauren, Orrell, Martin

Cognitive stimulation therapy in dementia care: exploring the views and experiences of service providers on the barriers and facilitators to implementation in practice using Normalization Process Theory.
Dickinson C, Gibson G, Gotts Z, Stobbart L, Robinson L
International Psychogeriatrics. 29(11):1869-1878, 2017 11.

Making a Difference: A Study of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for Persons with Dementia.
Stewart DB, Berg-Weger M, Tebb S, Sakamoto M, Roselle K, Downing L, Lundy J, Hayden D
Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 60(4):300-312, 2017 May-Jun.

Staff training and outreach support for Cognitive Stimulation Therapy and its implementation in practice: a cluster randomised trial.
Streater A, Spector A, Hoare Z, Aguirre E, Russell I, Orrell M
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 32(12):e64-e71, 2017 12.

Cognitive stimulation therapy in the Italian context: its efficacy in cognitive and non-cognitive measures in older adults with dementia.
Capotosto E, Belacchi C, Gardini S, Faggian S, Piras F, Mantoan V, Salvalaio E, Pradelli S, Borella E
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 32(3):331-340, 2017 Mar.

An evaluation of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy sessions for people with dementia and a concomitant support group for their carers.
Bailey J, Kingston P, Alford S, Taylor L, Tolhurst E
Dementia. 16(8):985-1003, 2017 Nov.

Parkinson’s-adapted cognitive stimulation therapy: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial.
Leroi I, Vatter S, Carter LA, Smith SJ, Orgeta V, Poliakoff E, Silverdale MA, Raw J, Ahearn DJ, Taylor C, Rodda J, Abdel-Ghany T, McCormick SA
Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 12:1756286419852217, 2019.

An evaluation of community-based cognitive stimulation therapy: a pilot study with an Irish population of people with dementia.
Kelly ME, Finan S, Lawless M, Scully N, Fitzpatrick J, Quigley M, Tyrrell F, O’Regan A, Devane A
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 34(3):157-167, 2017 Sep.

Efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy for older adults with vascular dementia.
Piras F, Carbone E, Faggian S, Salvalaio E, Gardini S, Borella E
Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 11(4):434-441, 2017 Oct-Dec.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Multi-Component Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (SADEM) in Community-Dwelling Demented Adults.
Juarez-Cedillo T, Gutierrez-Gutierrez L, Sanchez-Hurtado LA, Martinez-Rodriguez N, Juarez-Cedillo E
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 78(3):1033-1045, 2020.

Cognitive stimulation therapy: a tool for your practice with persons with dementia?.
Berg-Weger M, Tebb S, Henderson-Kalb J, Zubatsky M, Lundy J, Hayden D
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 16(9):795-6, 2015 Sep 01.

Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy: an economic evaluation within a randomized controlled trial.
D’Amico F, Rehill A, Knapp M, Aguirre E, Donovan H, Hoare Z, Hoe J, Russell I, Spector A, Streater A, Whitaker C, Woods RT, Orrell M
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 16(1):63-70, 2015 Jan.

Effectiveness of weekly cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia and the additional impact of enhancing cognitive stimulation therapy with a carer training program.
Cove J, Jacobi N, Donovan H, Orrell M, Stott J, Spector A
Clinical Interventions In Aging. 9:2143-50, 2014.

Cognitive stimulation therapy.
Morley JE, Cruz-Oliver DM
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 15(10):689-91, 2014 Oct.
[Editorial]

Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
Orrell M, Aguirre E, Spector A, Hoare Z, Woods RT, Streater A, Donovan H, Hoe J, Knapp M, Whitaker C, Russell I
British Journal of Psychiatry. 204(6):454-61, 2014 Jun.

The effects of a Cognitive Stimulation Therapy [CST] programme for people with dementia on family caregivers’ health.
Aguirre E, Hoare Z, Spector A, Woods RT, Orrell M
BMC Geriatrics. 14:31, 2014 Mar 14.

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST): neuropsychological mechanisms of change.
Hall L, Orrell M, Stott J, Spector A
International Psychogeriatrics. 25(3):479-89, 2013 Mar.

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for people with dementia–who benefits most?.
Aguirre E, Hoare Z, Streater A, Spector A, Woods B, Hoe J, Orrell M
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 28(3):284-90, 2013 Mar.

The Acceptability and Usefulness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for Older Adults with Dementia: A Narrative Review. [Review]
Toh HM, Ghazali SE, Subramaniam P
International journal of Alzheimer’s disease. 2016:5131570, 2016.

Cognitive stimulation therapy: training, maintenance and implementation in clinical trials. [Review]
Khan Z, Corbett A, Ballard C
Pragmatic & Observational Research. 5:15-19, 2014.

Maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in practice: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Streater A, Spector A, Aguirre E, Hoe J, Hoare Z, Woods R, Russell I, Orrell M
Trials [Electronic Resource]. 13:91, 2012 Jun 26.

Social engagement may be as important as cognitive stimulation therapy in dementia.
Thacker SP
BMJ. 344:e1607, 2012 Mar 06.

Efficacy of a cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia.
Coen RF, Flynn B, Rigney E, O’Connor E, Fitzgerald L, Murray C, Dunleavy C, McDonald M, Delaney D, Merriman N, Edgeworth J
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 28(3):145-147, 2011 Sep.

Cognitive stimulation therapy improved cognition and quality of life in dementia.
Forbes D Evidence-Based Nursing. 7(2):54-5, 2004 Apr.

Cognitive stimulation therapy improves cognition and quality of life in older people with dementia.
Leach L
Evidence-Based Mental Health. 7(1):19, 2004 Feb.

The impact of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy groups on people with dementia: views from participants, their carers and group facilitators.
Spector A, Gardner C, Orrell M
Aging & Mental Health. 15(8):945-9, 2011 Nov.

A systematic review of cognitive stimulation therapy for older adults with mild to moderate dementia: an occupational therapy perspective. [Review]
Yuill N, Hollis V
Occupational Therapy International. 18(4):163-86, 2011 Dec.
[Journal Article. Review. Systematic Review]
UI: 21425381
Authors Full Name
Yuill, Natasha, Hollis, Vivien

Short-term effect of combined drug therapy and cognitive stimulation therapy on the cognitive function of Alzheimer’s disease.
Matsuda O, Shido E, Hashikai A, Shibuya H, Kouno M, Hara C, Saito M
Psychogeriatrics:The Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society. 10(4):167-72, 2010 Dec.

Cognitive stimulation therapy in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled trial.
Niu YX, Tan JP, Guan JQ, Zhang ZQ, Wang LN
Clinical Rehabilitation. 24(12):1102-11, 2010 Dec.

Maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for dementia: a single-blind, multi-centre, randomized controlled trial of Maintenance CST vs. CST for dementia.
Aguirre E, Spector A, Hoe J, Russell IT, Knapp M, Woods RT, Orrell M
Trials [Electronic Resource]. 11:46, 2010 Apr 28.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): effects on different areas of cognitive function for people with dementia.
Spector A, Orrell M, Woods B
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 25(12):1253-8, 2010 Dec.

Cognitive stimulation therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: the effect of cognitive stimulation therapy on the progression of mild Alzheimer’s disease in patients treated with donepezil.
Matsuda O
International Psychogeriatrics. 19(2):241-52, 2007.

Improved quality of life and cognitive stimulation therapy in dementia.
Woods B, Thorgrimsen L, Spector A, Royan L, Orrell M
Aging & Mental Health. 10(3):219-26, 2006 May.

Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: cost-effectiveness analysis.
Knapp M, Thorgrimsen L, Patel A, Spector A, Hallam A, Woods B, Orrell M
British Journal of Psychiatry. 188:574-80, 2006 Jun.

A pilot study examining the effectiveness of maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (MCST) for people with dementia.
Orrell M, Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 20(5):446-51, 2005 May.

Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial.
Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B, Royan L, Davies S, Butterworth M, Orrell M
British Journal of Psychiatry. 183:248-54, 2003 Sep.

Cultural Adaptation of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for Portuguese People with Dementia.
Alvares Pereira G, Sousa I, Nunes MVS
Clinical Gerontologist. 1-12, 2020 Oct 04

Group experiences of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) in Tanzania: a qualitative study.
Morrish J, Walker R, Dotchin C, Spector A, Orfanos S, Mkenda S, Shali EP
Aging & Mental Health. 1-10, 2021 Jan 18.

A New Approach for Developing “Implementation Plans” for Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Results From the CST-International Study. Stoner CR, Chandra M, Bertrand E, DU B, Durgante H, Klaptocz J, Krishna M, Lakshminarayanan M, Mkenda S, Mograbi DC, Orrell M, Paddick SM, Vaitheswaran S, Spector A. Frontiers in Public Health. 8:342, 2020.
Validation of the cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) program for people with dementia in Portugal. Alvares-Pereira G, Silva-Nunes MV, Spector A . Aging & Mental Health. 25(6):1019-1028, 2021 06.
A New Approach for Developing “Implementation Plans” for Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Results From the CST-International Study. Stoner CR, Chandra M, Bertrand E, Du B, Durgante H, Klaptocz J, Krishna M, Lakshminarayanan M, Mkenda S, Mograbi DC, Orrell M, Paddick SM, Vaitheswaran S, Spector A. Frontiers in Public Health. 8:342, 2020.
Cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia in Brazil (CST-Brasil): Results from a single blind randomized controlled trial.
Marinho V, Bertrand E, Naylor R, Bomilcar I, Laks J, Spector A, Mograbi DC. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 36(2):286-293, 2021 02.
Mixed methods implementation research of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for dementia in low and middle-income countries: study protocol for Brazil, India and Tanzania (CST-International). Spector A, Stoner CR, Chandra M, Vaitheswaran S, Du B, Comas-Herrera A, Dotchin C, Ferri C, Knapp M, Krishna M, Laks J, Michie S, Mograbi DC, Orrell MW, Paddick SM, Ks S, Rangawsamy T, Walker R. BMJ Open. 9(8):e030933, 2019 08 20.
Cognitive stimulation therapy for brazilian people with dementia: examination of implementation’ issues and cultural adaptation. Bertrand E, Naylor R, Laks J, Marinho V, Spector A, Mograbi DC Aging & Mental Health. 23(10):1400-1404, 2019 10.
Managing dementia in rural Nigeria: feasibility of cognitive stimulation therapy and exploration of clinical improvements. Olakehinde O, Adebiyi A, Siwoku A, Mkenda S, Paddick SM, Gray WK, Walker RW, Dotchin CL, Mushi D, Ogunniyi A. Aging & Mental Health. 23(10):1377-1381, 2019 10.
Cultural adaptation of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for Chinese people with dementia: multicentre pilot study. Wong GHY, Yek OPL, Zhang AY, Lum TYS, Spector A. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 33(6):841-848, 2018 06.
Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for Dementia: Pilot Studies of Acceptability and Feasibility of Cultural Adaptation for India.
Raghuraman S, Lakshminarayanan M, Vaitheswaran S, Rangaswamy T. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 25(9):1029-1032, 2017 Sep.
Cognitive stimulation therapy as a sustainable intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: feasibility and clinical efficacy using a stepped-wedge design. Paddick SM, Mkenda S, Mbowe G, Kisoli A, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, Ternent L, Ogunniyi A, Kissima J, Olakehinde O, Mushi D, Walker RW International Psychogeriatrics. 29(6):979-989, 2017 06.
Cognitive stimulation therapy as a low-resource intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa (CST-SSA): Adaptation for rural Tanzania and Nigeria. Mkenda S, Olakehinde O, Mbowe G, Siwoku A, Kisoli A, Paddick SM, Adediran B, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, Adebiyi A, Walker RW, Mushi D, Ogunniyi A. Dementia. 17(4):515-530, 2018 May.
Cognitive stimulation therapy as a sustainable intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: Feasibility and clinical efficacy using a stepped-wedge design – ERRATUM. Paddick SM, Mkenda S, Mbowe G, Kisoli A, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, Ternent L, Ogunniyi A, Kissima J, Olakehinde O, Mushi D, Walker RW. International Psychogeriatrics. 29(6):990, 2017 06.
Guidelines for adapting cognitive stimulation therapy to other cultures. Aguirre E, Spector A, Orrell M. Clinical Interventions In Aging. 9:1003-7, 2014.
Effects of cognitive stimulation therapy Japanese version (CST-J) for people with dementia: a single-blind, controlled clinical trial. Yamanaka K, Kawano Y, Noguchi D, Nakaaki S, Watanabe N, Amano T, Spector A. Aging & Mental Health. 17(5):579-86, 2013.
Efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy in patients with dementia]. [Danish] Effekt af kognitiv stimulationsterapi hos patienter med demenssygdom–en gennemgang af et Cochranereview. Oksnebjerg L, Waldemar G Ugeskrift for Laeger. 174(50):3161-4, 2012 Dec 10.

Individual cognitive stimulation therapy (iCST) for people with intellectual disability and dementia: a feasibility randomised controlled trial.
Ali A, Brown E, Tsang W, Spector A, Aguirre E, Hoare S, Hassiotis A
Aging & Mental Health. 1-11, 2021 Jan 04.

An Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy App for People With Dementia and Their Carers: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial. Rai HK, Schneider J, Orrell M. JMIR Research Protocols. 10(4):e24628, 2021 Apr 08.
An Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy App for People With Dementia: Development and Usability Study of Thinkability. Rai HK, Schneider J, Orrell M 24058297. 3(2):e17105, 2020 Nov 16.
A feasibility randomised control trial of individual cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: impact on cognition, quality of life and positive psychology. Gibbor L, Forde L, Yates L, Orfanos S, Komodromos C, Page H, Harvey K, Spector A . Aging & Mental Health. 25(6):999-1007, 2021 06.
Individual cognitive stimulation therapy for people with intellectual disability and dementia: protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled trial. Ali A, Brown E, Spector A, Aguirre E, Hassiotis A. BMJ Open. 8(12):e022136, 2018 12 09.
The impact of individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (iCST) on cognition, quality of life, caregiver health, and family relationships in dementia: A randomised controlled trial. Orrell M, Yates L, Leung P, Kang S, Hoare Z, Whitaker C, Burns A, Knapp M, Leroi I, Moniz-Cook E, Pearson S, Simpson S, Spector A, Roberts S, Russell I, de Waal H, Woods RT, Orgeta V. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science. 14(3):e1002269, 2017 03.
The experiences of people with dementia and their carers participating in individual cognitive stimulation therapy. Leung P, Yates L, Orgeta V, Hamidi F, Orrell M. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 32(12):e34-e42, 2017 12. Field-testing phase of the development of individual cognitive stimulation therapy (iCST) for dementia. Yates LA, Orgeta V, Leung P, Spector A, Orrell M BMC Health Services Research. 16:233, 2016 07 08.
Individual cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: a clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Orgeta V, Leung P, Yates L, Kang S, Hoare Z, Henderson C, Whitaker C, Burns A, Knapp M, Leroi I, Moniz-Cook ED, Pearson S, Simpson S, Spector A, Roberts S, Russell IT, de Waal H, Woods RT, Orrell M. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 19(64):1-108, 2015 Aug.
Service users’ involvement in the development of individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (iCST) for dementia: a qualitative study. Yates LA, Orrell M, Spector A, Orgeta V. BMC Geriatrics. 15:4, 2015 Feb 06.
The development of individual cognitive stimulation therapy (iCST) for dementia. Yates LA, Leung P, Orgeta V, Spector A, Orrell M. Clinical Interventions In Aging. 10:95-104, 2015.
Can individual home-based cognitive stimulation therapy benefit Parkinson’s patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment?. Farzana F, Sreekanth V, Mohiuddin MK, Mohan V, Balakrishna N, Ahuja YR. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 30(4):433-5, 2015 Apr.
Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for dementia (iCST): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Orrell M, Yates LA, Burns A, Russell I, Woods RT, Hoare Z, Moniz-Cook E, Henderson C, Knapp M, Spector A, Orgeta V. Trials [Electronic Resource]. 13:172, 2012 Sep 22.
Should we use individual cognitive stimulation therapy to improve cognitive function in people with dementia?. Orrell M, Woods B, Spector A . BMJ. 344:e633, 2012 Feb 15.

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the Social Care Institute for Excellence (NICE-SCIE). Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. Clinical Guideline 42. London: NICE-SCIE; 2006.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE Guideline 47. London: NICE; 2018

Cheung, G. and Peri, K., (2014) Cognitive stimulation therapy: A New Zealand pilot. Auckland: Te Pou o Te Whakaaro Nui. Web www.tepou.co.nz

NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. An economic evaluation of alternatives to antipsychotic drugs for individuals living with dementia. Matrix Evidence, October 2011.

Books

Yates, L., Yates, J., Orrell, M., Spector, A. & Woods, B. (2017). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for dementia: History, Evolution and Internationalism. Routledge.

Book chapters

Aguirre, E., Spector, A., Streater, A., & Orrell, M. (2020). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for People with Dementia Living in the Community. Timely Psychosocial Interventions in Dementia Care: Evidence-Based Practice, 85.

Clarke, C., Wolverson, E. Stoner, C. & Spector, A. (2016) Overview and Ways Forward for a Positive Psychology Approach to Dementia. In C. Clarke & E. Wolverson (Eds.) Psychology Approaches to Dementia. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Spector, A. (2014). Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for people with dementia. In: Improving later life. Services for older people – what works? Age UK books, UK.